Wreck searches (1997–2013)
In 1997, a "Franklin 150" expedition was mounted by the Canadian film company Eco-Nova to use sonar to investigate more of the priority magnetic targets found in 1992. The senior archaeologist was Robert Grenier, assisted by Margaret Bertulli, and Woodman again acted as expedition historian and search coordinator. Operations were conducted from the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Laurier. Approximately 40 km2 (15 sq mi) were surveyed, without result, near Kirkwall Island. When detached parties found Franklin relics – primarily copper sheeting and small items – on the beaches of islets to the north of O'Reilly Island the search was diverted to that area, but poor weather prevented significant survey work before the expedition ended. A documentary, Oceans of Mystery: Search for the Lost Fleet, was produced by Eco-Nova about this expedition.[99]
Three expeditions were mounted by Woodman to continue the magnetometer mapping of the proposed wreck sites: a privately sponsored expedition in 2001, and the Irish-Canadian Franklin Search Expeditions of 2002 and 2004. These made use of sled-drawn magnetometers working on the sea ice and completed the unfinished survey of the northern (Kirkwall Island) search area in 2001, and the entire southern O'Reilly Island area in 2002 and 2004. All of the high-priority magnetic targets were identified by sonar through the ice as geological in origin. In 2002 and 2004, small Franklin artefacts and characteristic explorer tent sites were found on a small islet northeast of O'Reilly Island during shore searches.[100]
In August 2008 a new search by Parks Canada was announced, to be led by Grenier. This search hoped to take advantage of the improved ice conditions, using side-scan sonar from a boat in open water. Grenier also hoped to draw from newly published Inuit testimony collected by oral historian Dorothy Harley Eber.[101] Some of Eber's informants placed the location of one of Franklin's ships in the vicinity of the Royal Geographical Society Island, an area not searched by previous expeditions. The search was to also include local Inuit historian Louie Kamookak, who had found other significant remains of the expedition and would represent the indigenous culture.[102]
HMS Investigator became icebound in 1853 while searching for Franklin's expedition and was subsequently abandoned. It was found in shallow water in Mercy Bay on 25 July 2010, along the northern coast of Banks Island in Canada's western Arctic. The Parks Canada team reported that it was in good shape, upright in about 11 m (36 ft) of water.[103]
A new search was announced by Parks Canada in August 2013.[104]
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Northwest Passage discovered
Franklin's expedition explored the vicinity of what was ultimately one of many Northwest Passages to be discovered. While the more famous search expeditions were underway in 1850, Robert McClure set out on the little-known McClure Arctic expedition on HMS Investigator to also investigate the fate of Franklin's voyage. While he did not find much evidence of Franklin's fate, he did finally ascertain an ice-bound route that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This was the Prince of Wales Strait, which was far to the north of Franklin's ships.[6]
On 21 October 1850, the following entry was recorded in Investigator's log:
October 31st, the Captain returned at 8.30. A.M., and at 11.30. A.M., the remainder of the parting, having, upon the 26th instant, ascertained that the waters we are now in communicate with those of Barrow Strait, the north-eastern limit being in latitude 73°31′, N. longitude 114°39′, W. thus establishing the existence of a NORTH-WEST PASSAGE between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.[6]
McClure was knighted for his discovery. While the McClure expedition obviously fared much better than Franklin's voyage, it was similarly beset by immense challenges (including the loss of Investigator and four winters on the ice) and a number of controversies, including allegations of selfishness and poor planning on McClure's part. His decision to place numerous message cairns along his route ultimately saved his expedition, who were ultimately found and rescued by the crew of HMS Resolute.[6]
In 1855, a British parliamentary committee concluded that McClure "deserved to be rewarded as the discoverer of a Northwest Passage". Today, the question of who actually discovered the Northwest Passage is a subject of controversy, as all the different Passages have varying degrees of navigability. Although he did confirm the first geographical Northwest Passage that is navigable by ship under ideal conditions, McClure is rarely credited in modern times due to his troubled expedition, his poor personal reputation, the fact that his expedition was after Franklin's (who has a claim to be the first discoverer) and the fact that he never traversed the strait that he found, instead choosing to portage over Banks Island.[155]
Members of the Franklin expedition crossed the southern shore of King William Island and made it onto the Canadian mainland; this is evident by the fact that human remains from the expedition have been found inland on the Adelaide Peninsula.[30] This may have involved walking across the Simpson Strait, which has since been recognised as one of the Northwest Passages to the Pacific.[156] As none of the members of the expedition survived, it is not known whether any member of the party had realised this. George Back had discovered the strait in 1834 but did not realise it was a Northwest Passage. In any case, by 1854, it was widely believed that the remnants of the expedition had crossed the strait, and Lady Franklin was informed of such on 12 January by the Admiralty.[156]
Franklin's claim to having discovered the Passage was strengthened by Charles Richard Weld's assertion that Franklin had long suspected that the Simpson Strait did connect the two oceans.[155] In 1860, McClintock ascertained that the strait was indeed a Northwest Passage. Following this discovery, to honour Franklin's legacy, the Royal Geographical Society declared that his lost expedition was the first expedition to discover the Passage. Lady Franklin was given a medal in his name.[157]
The Northwest Passage would not be fully navigated by boat until 1906, when Roald Amundsen famously traversed the passage on the Gjøa via the Simpson Strait.[154]: 336
For years after the loss of the Franklin expedition, the Victorian media portrayed Franklin as a hero who led his men in the quest for the Northwest Passage. A statue of Franklin in his hometown bears the inscription "Sir John Franklin – Discoverer of the North West Passage", and statues of Franklin outside the Athenaeum in London and in Tasmania bear similar inscriptions. Although the expedition's fate, including the possibility of cannibalism, was widely reported and debated, Franklin's standing with the Victorian public was undiminished. This was due in large part to efforts by Lady Franklin to protect her husband's reputation and dispel suggestions of cannibalism – with assistance from prominent figures like Charles Dickens, who asserted that "there is no reason whatever to believe, that any of its members prolonged their existence by the dreadful expedient of eating the bodies of their dead companions".[158] The expedition has been the subject of numerous works of non-fiction.[citation needed]
The mystery surrounding the expedition was the subject of three episodes of the PBS programme Nova, broadcast in 1988, 2006 and 2015;[159] a 2007 television documentary, "Franklin's Lost Expedition", on Discovery HD Theatre; as well as a 2008 Canadian documentary, Passage. In a 2009 episode of the ITV travel documentary series Billy Connolly: Journey to the Edge of the World, presenter Billy Connolly and his crew visited Beechey Island, filmed the grave site and gave details of the expedition.[citation needed]
In memory of the lost expedition, one of Canada's Northwest Territories subdivisions was known as the District of Franklin. Including the high Arctic islands, this jurisdiction was abolished when the area was set off into the newly created Nunavut Territory on 1 April 1999.[citation needed]
On 29 October 2009, a special service of thanksgiving was held in the chapel at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, to accompany the rededication of the national monument to Franklin there. The service also included the solemn re-interment of the only remains from Erebus to be repatriated to England, entombed within the monument in 1873 (previously thought to be Le Vesconte, but may actually have been Goodsir).[160][161] The following day, a group of polar authors went to London's Kensal Green Cemetery to pay their respects to the Arctic explorers buried there.[162]
Many other veterans of the searches for Franklin are buried there too, including Admiral Sir Horatio Thomas Austin, Admiral Sir George Back, Admiral Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield, Admiral Bedford Pim, and Admiral Sir John Ross. Franklin's wife, Lady Franklin, is also interred at Kensal Green in the vault and commemorated on a marble cross dedicated to her niece, Sophia Cracroft.[citation needed]
From the 1850s through to the present day, Franklin's lost expedition inspired numerous literary works. Among the first was a play, The Frozen Deep, written by Wilkie Collins with assistance and production by Charles Dickens. The play was performed for private audiences at Tavistock House early in 1857, as well as at the Royal Gallery of Illustration (including a command performance for Queen Victoria) and for the public at the Manchester Trade Union Hall. News of Franklin's death in 1859 inspired elegies, including one by Algernon Charles Swinburne.[citation needed]
Fictional treatments of the expedition begin with Jules Verne's Journeys and Adventures of Captain Hatteras, (1866), in which the novel's hero seeks to retrace Franklin's footsteps and discovers that the North Pole is dominated by an enormous volcano. Verne also remembers the efforts of Lady Franklin to discover the fate of her husband in Mistress Branican (1891), which stages a similar plot but situated in Oceania and Australia instead of the North Pole. Mark Twain briefly satirised the fate of the expedition and its subsequent searches in the beginning of the story "Some Learned Fables for Good Old Boys and Girls" (1875).[163] The German novelist Sten Nadolny's The Discovery of Slowness (1983; English translation 1987) takes on the entirety of Franklin's life, touching only briefly on his last expedition.[citation needed]
Other recent novelistic treatments of Franklin include William T. Vollmann's The Rifles (1994), John Wilson's North With Franklin: The Journals of James Fitzjames (1999); and Dan Simmons's The Terror (2007), developed as a 2018 AMC television series of the same name. The expedition has also been the subject of a horror role-playing game supplement for Call of Cthulhu, The Walker in the Wastes. Clive Cussler's 2008 novel Arctic Drift incorporates the ordeal of the expedition as a central element in the story, and Richard Flanagan's Wanting (2009) deals with Franklin's deeds in both Tasmania and the Arctic. On 12 January 2012, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Erebus, a radio play based on the expedition by British poet Jo Shapcott.[164] Kassandra Alvarado's 2013 novel The White Passage presents a vaguely science-fiction take on an alternative history of the expedition.[165]
Michael Palin's 2018 book, Erebus, The Story of a Ship, was described by The Guardian newspaper as 'lively and diligent.'[166] He also produced a one man show based on his book.[167] A children's novel, Chasing Ghosts – An Arctic Adventure by Nicola Pierce featuring the expedition was published in 2020.[168]
In 2017, The Breathing Hole, a play written by Colleen Murphy, premiered at the Stratford Festival, directed by Reneltta Arluk. In this play, the fates of the crew of Erebus and Terror are featured within the context of an epic saga spanning five-hundred years.[169] Commissioned to mark Canada's 150th Anniversary and met with critical acclaim,[170] the work involved artists from both Nunavut and the rest of Canada, including collaborations with Qaggiavuut Nunavut Performing Arts. In 2020, the play was published in a dual-language edition in English and in Natsilingmiutut syllabics—the Inuktitut dialect from where the story takes place in the central Arctic.[171]
In the visual arts, the loss of Franklin's expedition inspired a number of paintings in both the United States and Britain. In 1861, Frederic Edwin Church unveiled his great canvas The Icebergs; later that year, prior to taking it to England for exhibition, he added an image of a broken ship's mast in silent tribute to Franklin. In 1864, Sir Edwin Landseer's Man Proposes, God Disposes caused a stir at the annual Royal Academy exhibition; its depiction of two polar bears, one chewing on a tattered ship's ensign, the other gnawing on a human ribcage, was seen at the time as in poor taste, but has remained one of the most powerful imaginings of the expedition's final fate. The expedition also inspired numerous popular engravings and illustrations, along with many panoramas, dioramas and magic lantern shows.
Franklin's last expedition also inspired a great deal of music, beginning with the ballad "Lady Franklin's Lament" (also known as "Lord Franklin"), which originated in the 1850s and has been recorded by dozens of artists, among them Martin Carthy, Pentangle, Sinéad O'Connor, and The Pearlfishers.[173] The Scottish pirate metal band Alestorm's song "Magnetic North" is dedicated to the expedition [citation needed]. Other Franklin-inspired songs include James Taylor's "Frozen Man" (based on Beattie's photographs of John Torrington) and Iron Maiden's "Stranger in a Strange Land".[174] German band Janus in 2021 released an over 30 minutes long song "Terror"[175] and later an audiobook "Terror - Das Hörbuch" which contains Franklin's log entries.[176]
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British expedition of Arctic exploration
Franklin's lost expedition was a failed British voyage of Arctic exploration led by Captain Sir John Franklin that departed England in 1845 aboard two ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, and was assigned to traverse the last unnavigated sections of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic and to record magnetic data to help determine whether a better understanding could aid navigation.[2] The expedition met with disaster after both ships and their crews, a total of 129 officers and men, became icebound in Victoria Strait near King William Island in what is today the Canadian territory of Nunavut. After being icebound for more than a year, Erebus and Terror were abandoned in April 1848, by which point two dozen men, including Franklin, had died. The survivors, now led by Franklin's second-in-command, Francis Crozier, and Erebus's captain, James Fitzjames, set out for the Canadian mainland and disappeared, presumably having perished.[3]
Pressed by Franklin's wife, Jane, and others, the Admiralty launched a search for the missing expedition in 1848. In the many subsequent searches in the decades afterwards, several artefacts from the expedition were discovered, including the remains of two men, which were returned to Britain. A series of scientific studies in modern times suggested that the men of the expedition did not all die quickly. Hypothermia, starvation, lead poisoning[4] or zinc deficiency[5] and diseases including scurvy, along with general exposure to a hostile environment while lacking adequate clothing and nutrition, killed everyone on the expedition in the years after it was last sighted by a whaling ship in July 1845. Cut marks on some of the bones recovered during these studies also supported allegations of cannibalism reported by Franklin searcher John Rae in 1854.
Despite the expedition's notorious failure, it did succeed in exploring the vicinity of one of the many Northwest Passages that would eventually be discovered. Robert McClure led one of the expeditions that investigated the fate of Franklin's expedition, a voyage which was also beset by great challenges and later controversies. McClure's expedition returned after finding an ice-bound route that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.[6] The Northwest Passage was not navigated by boat until 1906, when Roald Amundsen traversed the passage on the Gjøa.
In 2014, a search team led by Parks Canada[7] located the wreck of Erebus in the eastern portion of Queen Maud Gulf. Two years later, the Arctic Research Foundation found the wreck of Terror south of King William Island, in the body of water named Terror Bay.[8] Research and dive expeditions are an annual occurrence at the wreck sites, now protected as a combined National Historic Site called the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site.[9]
The search by Europeans for a western shortcut by sea from Europe to Asia began with the voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers such as Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus in the 15th century. By the mid-19th century numerous exploratory expeditions had been mounted. These voyages, when successful, added to the sum of European geographic knowledge about the Western Hemisphere, particularly North America. As that knowledge grew, exploration gradually shifted towards the Arctic.[citation needed]
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century voyagers who made geographic discoveries about North America included Martin Frobisher, John Davis, Henry Hudson and William Baffin. In 1670 the incorporation of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) led to further exploration of the Canadian coastlines, interior and adjacent Arctic seas. In the 18th century explorers of this region included James Knight, Christopher Middleton, Samuel Hearne, James Cook, Alexander MacKenzie and George Vancouver. By 1800 their discoveries had conclusively demonstrated that no Northwest Passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans existed in the temperate latitudes.
In 1804 Sir John Barrow became Second Secretary of the Admiralty, a post he held until 1845. Barrow began pushing for the Royal Navy to find a Northwest Passage over the top of Canada and to navigate toward the North Pole, organising a major series of expeditions. Over those four decades explorers including John Ross; David Buchan; William Edward Parry; Frederick William Beechey; James Clark Ross (nephew of John Ross); George Back; Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson led productive expeditions to the Canadian Arctic. Among those explorers was John Franklin, who first travelled to the region in 1818 as second-in-command of an expedition towards the North Pole on the ships Dorothea and Trent. Franklin was subsequently leader of two overland expeditions to and along the Canadian Arctic coast, in 1819–1822 and 1825–1827.
By 1845 the combined discoveries of all these expeditions had reduced the unknown parts of the Canadian Arctic that might contain a Northwest Passage to a quadrilateral area of about 181,300 km2 (70,000 sq mi). It was in this unexplored area that the next expedition was to sail, heading west through Lancaster Sound, then west and south – however ice, land and other obstacles might allow – with the goal of finding a Northwest Passage. The distance to be navigated was roughly 1,670 km (1,040 mi).
In 1845, leading Admiralty figure Sir John Barrow was 82 years old and nearing the end of his career. He felt that the expeditions were close to finding a Northwest Passage, perhaps through what Barrow believed to be an ice-free Open Polar Sea around the North Pole. Barrow deliberated over who should command the next expedition. Parry, his first choice, was tired of the Arctic and politely declined.[14] His second choice, James Clark Ross, also declined because he had promised his new wife that he had finished polar exploration.[14] His third choice, James Fitzjames, was rejected by the Admiralty for his youth.[14] Barrow also considered Back but thought he was too argumentative.[14] Francis Crozier, another candidate, declined out of modesty.[15] Reluctantly, Barrow settled on the 59-year-old Franklin.[14]
The expedition was to consist of two ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, both of which had been used for James Clark Ross' expedition to the Antarctic in 1839–1843, during which Crozier had commanded Terror. Franklin was given command of Erebus, with Fitzjames as the vessel's second-in-command; Crozier was appointed his executive officer and was again made commander of Terror. Franklin received command of the expedition on 7 February 1845, and his official instructions on 5 May 1845.[16]
Outward journey and loss
The expedition set sail from Greenhithe, Kent, on the morning of 19 May 1845, with a crew of 24 officers and 110 men. The ships stopped briefly to take aboard fresh water in Stromness, Orkney Islands, in northern Scotland. From there they sailed to Greenland with HMS Rattler and a transport ship, Barretto Junior; the passage to Greenland took 30 days.
At the Whalefish Islands in Disko Bay, on the west coast of Greenland, ten oxen carried on Barretto Junior were slaughtered for fresh meat which was transferred to Erebus and Terror. Crew members then wrote their last letters home, which recorded that Franklin had banned swearing and drunkenness.[26] Five men were discharged due to sickness and sent home on Rattler and Barretto Junior, reducing the final crew to 129 men.[27][failed verification] In late July 1845 the whalers Prince of Wales (Captain Dannett) and Enterprise (Captain Robert Martin) encountered Terror and Erebus[28] in Baffin Bay, where they were waiting for good conditions to cross to Lancaster Sound. The expedition was never seen again by Europeans.[citation needed]
Only limited information is available for subsequent events, pieced together over the next 150 years by other expeditions, explorers, scientists and interviews with Inuit. The only first-hand information on the expedition's progress is the two-part Victory Point Note (see below) found in the aftermath on King William Island. Franklin's men spent the winter of 1845–46 on Beechey Island, where three crew members died and were buried. After travelling down Peel Sound through the summer of 1846, Terror and Erebus became trapped in ice off King William Island in September 1846 and are thought never to have sailed again. According to the second part of the Victory Point Note dated 25 April 1848 and signed by Fitzjames and Crozier, the crew had wintered off King William Island in 1846–47 and 1847–48 and Franklin had died on 11 June 1847. The remaining crew had abandoned the ships and planned to walk over the island and across the sea ice towards the Back River on the Canadian mainland, beginning on 26 April 1848. In addition to Franklin, eight further officers and 15 men had also died by this point. The Victory Point Note is the last known communication of the expedition.[30]
From archaeological finds it is believed that all of the remaining crew died on the subsequent 400 km (250 mi) long march[30] to Back River, most on the island. Thirty or forty men reached the northern coast of the mainland before dying, still hundreds of miles from the nearest outpost of Western civilisation.
The Victory Point note was found eleven years later in May 1859 by William Hobson (lieutenant on the McClintock Arctic expedition)[32] placed in a cairn on the north-western coast of King William Island. It consists of two parts written on a pre-printed Admiralty form. The first part was written after the first overwintering in 1847 and the second part was added one year later. From the second part it can be inferred that the document was first deposited in a different cairn previously erected by James Clark Ross in 1830 during John Ross's Second Arctic expedition – at a location Ross named Victory Point.[33]
The first message is written in the body of the form and dates from 28 May 1847.[citation needed]
H.M.S ships 'Erebus' and 'Terror' wintered in the Ice in lat. 70 05' N., long. 98 23' W. Having wintered in 1846–7 at Beechey Island
, in lat. 74 43' 28" N., long. 91 39' 15" W., after having ascended Wellington Channel to lat. 77°, and returned by the west side of Cornwallis Island. Sir John Franklin commanding the expedition.
Party consisting of 2 officers and 6 men left the ships on Monday 24th May, 1847.
(Signed) GM. GORE, Lieut.
(Signed) CHAS. F. DES VOEUX, Mate.
The second and final part is written largely on the margins of the form owing to a lack of remaining space on the document. It was presumably written on 25 April 1848.[citation needed]
[25th April 1]848 H.M. ships 'Terror' and 'Erebus' were deserted on the 22nd April, 5 leagues N.N.W. of this, [hav]ing been beset since 12th September, 1846. The officers and crews, consisting of 105 souls, under the command [of Cap]tain F.R.M. Crozier, landed here in lat. 69˚ 37' 42" N., long. 98˚ 41' W. [This p]aper was found by Lt. Irving under the cairn supposed to have
been built by Sir James Ross in 1831–4 miles to the Northward – where it had been deposited by the late Commander Gore in May June 1847. Sir James Ross' pillar has not been found and the paper has been transferred to this position which is that in which Sir J. Ross' pillar was erected – Sir John Franklin died on the 11th June, 1847; and the total loss
by deaths in the expedition has been to this date 9 officers and 15 men. (Signed) JAMES FITZJAMES, Captain H.M.S. Erebus.
(Signed) F.R.M. CROZIER, Captain & Senior Offr.
and start on tomorrow, 26th, for Back's Fish River.
In 1859 Hobson found a second document using the same Admiralty form containing an almost identical duplicate of the first message from 1847 in a cairn a few miles southwest at Gore Point. This document did not contain the second message. From the handwriting it is assumed that all messages were written by Fitzjames. As he did not take part in the landing party that deposited the notes originally in 1847, it is inferred that both documents were originally filled in by Fitzjames on board the ships, with Lieutenant Graham Gore and Mate Charles Frederick Des Voeux adding their signatures as members of the landing party. This is further supported by the fact that both documents contain the same factual errors – namely the wrong date of the wintering on Beechey Island. In 1848, after the abandonment of the ships and subsequent recovery of the document from the Victory Point cairn, Fitzjames added the second message signed by him and Crozier and deposited the note in the cairn found by Hobson eleven years later.[27]
Beechey Island excavations and exhumations (1984–1986)
After returning to Edmonton in 1982 and learning of the lead level findings from the 1981 expedition, Beattie struggled to find a cause. Possibilities included the lead solder used to seal the expedition's food tins, other food containers lined with lead foil, food colouring, tobacco products, pewter tableware, and lead-wicked candles. He came to suspect that the problems of lead poisoning compounded by the effects of scurvy could have been lethal for the Franklin crew. Because skeletal lead might reflect lifetime exposure rather than exposure limited to the voyage, Beattie's theory could be tested only by forensic examination of preserved soft tissue as opposed to bone. Beattie decided to examine the graves of the buried crewmen on Beechey Island.
After obtaining legal permission, Beattie's team visited Beechey Island in August 1984 to perform autopsies on the three crewmen buried there. They started with John Torrington, the first crew member to die.[77][self-published source] After completing Torrington's autopsy and exhuming and briefly examining the body of John Hartnell, the team, pressed for time and threatened by weather, returned to Edmonton with tissue and bone samples. Trace element analysis of Torrington's bones and hair indicated that the crewman "would have suffered severe mental and physical problems caused by lead poisoning". Although the autopsy indicated that pneumonia had been the ultimate cause of the crewman's death, lead poisoning was cited as a contributing factor.
During the expedition, the team visited a place about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the gravesite to examine fragments of hundreds of food tins discarded by Franklin's men. Beattie noted that the seams were poorly soldered with lead, which had likely come in direct contact with the food.[82] The release of findings from the 1984 expedition and the photo of Torrington, a 138-year-old corpse well preserved by Arctic permafrost, led to wide media coverage and renewed interest in the Franklin expedition.[citation needed]
Subsequent research has suggested that another potential source for the lead may have been the ships' distilled water systems rather than the tinned food. K. T. H. Farrer argued that "it is impossible to see how one could ingest from the canned food the amount of lead, 3.3 mg per day over eight months, required to raise the PbB to the level 80 μg/dL at which symptoms of lead poisoning begin to appear in adults and the suggestion that bone lead in adults could be 'swamped' by lead ingested from food over a period of a few months, or even three years, seems scarcely tenable."[83] In addition, tinned food was in widespread use within the Royal Navy at that time and its use did not lead to any significant increase in lead poisoning elsewhere.[citation needed]
Uniquely for this expedition, the ships were fitted with converted railway locomotive engines for auxiliary propulsion which required an estimated one tonne of fresh water per hour when steaming. It is highly probable that it was for this reason that the ships were fitted with a unique desalination system which, given the materials in use at the time, would have produced large quantities of water with a very high lead content. William Battersby has argued that this is a much more likely source for the high levels of lead observed in the remains of expedition members than the tinned food.[4]
A further survey of the graves was undertaken in 1986. A camera crew filmed the procedure, shown in a 1988 episode of the American programme Nova.[84] Under difficult field conditions, Derek Notman, a radiologist and medical doctor from the University of Minnesota, and radiology technician Larry Anderson took many X-rays of the crewmen prior to autopsy. Barbara Schweger, an Arctic clothing specialist, and Roger Amy, a pathologist, assisted in the investigation.
Beattie and his team had noticed that someone else had attempted to exhume Hartnell. In the effort, a pickaxe had damaged the wooden lid of his coffin, and the coffin plaque was missing. Research in Edmonton later showed that Sir Edward Belcher, commander of one of the Franklin rescue expeditions, had ordered the exhumation of Hartnell in October 1852, but was thwarted by the permafrost. One month later, Edward A. Inglefield, commander of another rescue expedition, succeeded with the exhumation and removed the coffin's plaque.
Unlike Hartnell's grave, the grave of Private William Braine was largely intact. When he was exhumed, the survey team saw signs that his burial had been hasty. His arms, body and head had not been positioned carefully in the coffin, and one of his undershirts had been put on backwards. The coffin seemed too small for him; its lid had pressed down on his nose. A large copper plaque with his name and other personal data punched into it adorned his coffin lid.
The four graves at Franklin Camp near the harbour on
(L–R) Three grave stones commemorate
of the Franklin Expedition. A fourth headstone marks the grave of a sailor named Thomas Morgan who came later in a Franklin search expedition and died at the camp.
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Adjar.id – Apa yang Adjarian pikirkan ketika seseorang mengatakan monyet dan kera?
Adakah yang mengira monyet dan kera adalah hewan yang sama?
Anggapan tersebut ternyata salah, Adjarian.
Sebab, monyet dan kera adalah dua jenis hewan yang berbeda.
Monyet termasuk ke dalam golongan famili Callitrichidae atau Cebidae, sementara kera termasuk ke dalam golongan famili Hominidae atau Hylobatidae.
Jika dilihat sepintas, bentuk fisik monyet dan kera memang mirip, bahkan seperti tidak ada bedanya.
Namun, apabila dilihat dengan lebih jeli lagi, kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan mana yang termasuk monyet dan mana yang kera.
Perbedaan Monyet dan Kera
Kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan monyet dan kera hanya dengan melihat bagian ekornya.
Jika primata yang Adjarian lihat memiliki ekor, sudah dapat dipastikan hewna tersebut adalah monyet.
Baca Juga: Benarkah Monyet Tidak Suka Berjalan di Tanah?
Sebab, hampir semua jenis monyet berekor.
Sementara itu, kera tidak memiliki ekor atau terlihat buntung di bagian belakangnya.
O iya, badan monyet juga cenderung lebih kecil jika dibanding dengan kera.
Perbedaan selanjutnya terletak pada tangan dan kaki.
Kera memiliki lengan yang panjang dibanding monyet karena mereka suka bergelantungan dan berayun di dahan pohon.
Nah, kalau monyet biasanya hanya berlari dan melompat dari pohon ke pohon, sehingga ukuran lengannya lebih pendek.
Selain itu, kera biasa berjalan dengan dua kaki layaknya manusia, sedangkan monyet berjalan menggunakan tangan dan kaki.
Kita juga bisa membedakan monyet dan kera dari ukuran badannya, Adjarian.
Badan spesies kera cenderung lebih besar, seperti gorilla, orang utan, dan simpanse.
Baca Juga: Mengapa Ada Banyak Jenis Monyet di Dunia dan Tersebar di Berbagai Wilayah?
Nah, kalau spesies-spesies monyet memiliki badan yang lenbih kecil.
Contohnya seperti baboon, tamarin, dan monyet pantai.
4. Kemampuan Berkomunikasi
Monyet dan kera dapat berkomunikasi melalui suara, sentuhan, dan pesan visual.
Namun, monyet biasanya hanya dapat berkomunikasi menggunakan suara dan bahasa tubuh untuk berkomunikasi dengan sesamanya.
Sementara itu, kera dapat menggunakan bahasa isyarat dan gerakan tubuh tertentu untuk berkomunikasi, bahkan dengan manusia.
Habitat monyet dan kera ternyata juga berbeda, lo.
Monyet lebih senang hidup di atas pohon, sementara kera tergolong hewan semi-terestrial.
Hewan semi-terestrial adalah hewan yang dapat hidup di atas pohon, tetapi juga bisa berkeliaran di atas tanah.
Nah, itulah perbedaan monyet dan kera, Adjarian.
Baca Juga: Mengapa Hewan Monyet Sangat Menyukai Buah Pisang?
Sekarang sudah tidak lagi bingung membedakan keduanya, kan?
Simak video berikut ini, yuk!
Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley, được biết đến ở Nhật Bản với tên Bokujō Monogatari: Tsunagaru Shintenchi (牧場物語 つながる新天地, còn gọi là Harvest Moon: Connect to a New Land?) là một trò chơi nhập vai mô phỏng nông trại do Tabot, Inc. phát triển cho Nintendo 3DS. Trò chơi phát hành ở Bắc Mỹ ngày 4 tháng 11 năm 2014,[2] ở Châu Âu ngày 19 tháng 6 năm 2015 và ở Úc ngày 20 tháng 6 năm 2015.
Không giống như các tựa trò chơi trước đó trong loạt Story of Seasons, được gọi là Harvest Moon ở thị trường phương Tây, trò chơi không phải do công ty Nhật Bản Marvelous phát triển. Phần mới nhất của họ trong loạt Story of Seasons đang được xuất bản ở Bắc Mỹ và Châu Âu bởi Xseed Games. Natsume sở hữu quyền đối với thương hiệu "Harvest Moon" tại các lãnh thổ đó.[3]
Người chơi nghe đồn về những câu chuyện của The Lost Valley xinh đẹp và muốn tận mắt chứng kiến vẻ đẹp đó. Khi đến nơi, người chơi bị cuốn vào một trận bão tuyết bí ẩn. Khi cố gắng băng qua qua trận tuyết bất ngờ, người chơi nghe thấy một giọng nói khuyến khích bạn tìm kiếm một món đồ trong một cabin gần đó. Đêm đó, người chơi mơ thấy một người phụ nữ kỳ lạ có mái tóc xanh và nhờ giúp đỡ.
Vào buổi sáng hôm sau, người chơi bị đánh thức bởi một giọng nói nhỏ phát ra từ đống tuyết. Khi bạn giải thoát cho người bị mắc kẹt, người chơi sẽ tìm hiểu về cách mà thung lũng đang bị mắc kẹt trong Mùa đông vĩnh viễn. Cuối cùng, người chơi sẽ được tuyển dụng để giúp giải quyết vấn đề và đưa mọi thứ ở The Lost Valley trở lại bình thường.[4]
Trò chơi diễn ra ở vùng đất The Lost Valley. Người chơi có thể sửa đổi thế giới của họ, bao gồm cả việc sửa các loại địa hình và vị trí xây dựng. Đất có thể được xây để tạo thành các ngọn đồi hoặc loại bỏ để tạo ra các ao và khe nước, cho phép người chơi kiểm soát hoàn toàn địa hình của thung lũng. Để khám phá một số khu vực, người chơi sẽ phải xây các bậc đất để có thể đến không gian cao hơn hoặc xây cầu để qua sông.
Người chơi có thể sửa đổi ngôi nhà của họ, như mở rộng nó và di chuyển các vật dụng xung quanh bên trong ngôi nhà, như sàn, màn và hình nền của ngôi nhà nông trại, mặc dù ngôi nhà của người chơi không thể di chuyển khỏi vị trí ban đầu.[5]
Trò chơi cũng có hệ thống công cụ theo ngữ cảnh, nghĩa là người chơi không cần phải trang bị sẵn công cụ trong tay để sử dụng. Miễn là công cụ ở trong túi của anh hùng, trò chơi sẽ tự động sử dụng nó khi ở đúng vị trí. Không cần phải tráo đổi dụng cụ hoặc lo lắng về việc vô tình va vào vật nuôi.
Có hơn 100 loại cây có thể trồng trong thung lũng. Chiều cao và độ sâu của không gian ruộng sẽ ảnh hưởng đến các loại cây trồng trên các không gian ruộng này; cây trồng dưới mặt đất sẽ tạo ra thứ gì đó khác so với cây trồng trên mặt đất, và điều này cũng áp dụng với cây trồng trên đồi cao. Ngoài ra, bạn có thể bón phân cho cây trồng để tăng chất lượng.[6]
Các tùy chọn động vật chăn nuôi đã được đơn giản hóa, cho phép người chơi nuôi bò, cừu và gà.[7] Động vật sẽ có các đặc điểm tính cách, tối đa 30 con, có thể được lai tạo từ động vật này sang động vật khác để phát huy tối đa các đặc điểm của nó. Ngoài ra còn có một con ngựa để có thể cưỡi xung quanh thung lũng và một động vật hoang dã khác.[8]
Người chơi có thể chọn nhân vật là nam hoặc nữ, với sự khác biệt chính giữa hai người là các ứng cử viên kết hôn. Sau đó người chơi có thể tùy chỉnh quần áo và kiểu tóc của nhân vật. Người chơi có thể trò chuyện với dân làng để làm nhiệm vụ, mua thú cưng, nấu ăn[9] và giúp đỡ dân làng khi có yêu cầu.[10] Người chơi cũng có thể hẹn hò và kết hôn sau khi có chỉ số Chemistry level đạt đến một điểm nhất định, có ba ứng cử viên kết hôn cho mỗi giới tính và sau đó khi kết hôn cặp đôi có thể sinh ra một đứa trẻ.[11]
Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley bắt đầu phát triển từ đầu năm 2013. Trước đó một năm, Natsume đã mở một văn phòng mới tại Tokyo, Nhật Bản, họ cho biết đây là nơi sẽ mở rộng việc phát triển trò chơi của họ cho cả máy chơi game và điện thoại thông minh. Ngoài ra, Graham Markay, Phó chủ tịch điều hành tại Natsume, đã xác nhận rằng người sáng tạo của loạt Harvest Moon là Wada Yasuhiro - cũng là người đã thiết kế Hometown Story - sẽ không tham gia vào trò chơi. Tất nhiên, điều đó không có nghĩa là Wada không thể cộng tác với Natsume trên các trò chơi khác.[12]
Natsume công bố Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley lần đầu tiên trong E3 2014.[13][14]
Do Natsume tạo ra "Harvest Moon" của riêng họ và giữ quyền đối với tên Harvest Moon trong khi Marvelous quyết định giữ bộ phận ở Mỹ của riêng họ, Xseed Games, tiếp quản phân phối Bắc Mỹ, tựa mới nhất trong loạt đã phải đổi tên thành Story of Seasons, trong khi Natsume nắm lấy cơ hội bắt đầu các trò chơi mới với Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley. Điều này đã gây ra sự nhầm lẫn ở một mức độ nào đó.
Với điểm đánh giá trung bình chỉ có 46/100 trên Metacritic, The Lost Valley nhận được sự đón nhận tiêu cực từ các nhà phê bình.[15]
Ron DelVillano của Nintendo Life cho game 4/10 điểm và chê trách "là một nước đi táo bạo của Natsume khi dám phát triển một trò chơi vượt ra khỏi truyền thống của loạt và thử những điều mới mẻ, nhưng trải nghiệm tổng thể thiếu đi sức hấp dẫn mà cái tên Harvest Moon đại diện."[16]
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